Skip to main content

Table 1 REGARDS participant characteristics by county poverty level

From: Low income, community poverty and risk of end stage renal disease

Ā 

All

Concentrated poverty

Neither

Affluence

County poverty

Ā 

High outlier

Extremely high

Very high

High

Ā 

Low/Very low poverty

Low outlier poverty

23,314

793 (3.4%)

786 (3.4%)

1,747 (7.5%)

4,198 (18.0%)

11,631 (49.9%)

2,147 (9.2%)

2,012 (8.6%)

Demographics

Ā 

Age in years (SD)

64.8 (9.4)

64.8 (9.3)

64.3 (9.4)

64.1 (9.5)

64.4 (9.4)

65.2 (9.5)

65.0 (9.4)

64.8 (9.3)

Female, %

55.5

57.1

53.3

58.2

58.0

56.2

48.1

51.7*

Black race, %

41.0

77.8

52.8

37.5

47.5

42.3

26.7

18.3*

Stroke belt resident, %

61.8

0

98.8

96.5

91.4

57.1

0

72.5*

Urban/Rural status, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Rural

9.3

0.8

33.6

41.1

7.6

5.5

8.0

2.7*

Micropolitan

13.4

0.9

34.1

41.8

14.2

9.5

7.4

13.2*

Metropolitan

77.2

98.4

32.3

17.1

78.2

85.0

84.6

84.1*

Socioeconomic status

Ā 

Education (%)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒĀ Less than high school

12.5

18.1

18.1

18.4

16.1

11.1

8.5

8.2*

ā€ƒĀ High school graduate

25.8

30.0

26.5

29.9

27.6

24.6

27.0

22.4

ā€ƒĀ Some college

27.1

29.6

22.3

22.8

26.2

27.5

29.8

28.7

ā€ƒĀ College graduate and above

34.6

22.4

33.2

28.9

30.0

36.9

34.7

40.7

No health insurance, %

6.7

6.7

10.9

9.2

8.3

6.3

4.7

4.2*

Annual household income, %

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

ā€ƒĀ <$20,000

18.0

24.1

26.1

24.5

21.6

16.7

13.5

11.9*

ā€ƒĀ $20,000 to <35,000

24.1

28.2

24.4

24.8

25.2

23.5

25.2

21.7*

ā€ƒĀ $35,000 to <75,000

29.8

24.6

24.7

26.5

28.8

30.4

32.4

33.2*

ā€ƒĀ ā‰„$75,000

15.5

10.1

10.9

12.9

11.7

16.6

17.2

21.5*

ā€ƒĀ Refused to provide income

12.5

13.0

13.9

11.2

12.7

12.8

11.8

11.7*

Clinical factors

Ā 

Estimated GFR (CKD-EPI) (SD)

85.1 (19.9)

87.1 (22.8)

87.3 (20.5)

85.3 (20.2)

86.5 (20.3)

84.6 (19.9)

84.2 (18.7)

84.7 (18.1)*

Diabetes mellitus, %

22.0

23.7

26.4

26.3

25.2

21.6

16.4

17.4*

Hypertension, %

59.4

69.2

64.1

62.8

64.4

58.1

53.9

53.4*

  1. Note: Categories of county poverty were defined as: high outlier poverty, extremely high poverty, very high poverty, high poverty, neither, high affluence (low/very low poverty) and outlier affluence (low outlier poverty) [26]. Outlier counties are those that are more impoverished or affluent than would be expected given the level of poverty or affluence of the adjoining counties. The ā€œstroke beltā€ includes inland areas of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; as well as Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana.
  2. *pā€‰<ā€‰0.05, chi-square test or ANOVA method.
  3. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation.