From: Low income, community poverty and risk of end stage renal disease
Ā | All | Concentrated poverty | Neither | Affluence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
County poverty | Ā | High outlier | Extremely high | Very high | High | Ā | Low/Very low poverty | Low outlier poverty |
23,314 | 793 (3.4%) | 786 (3.4%) | 1,747 (7.5%) | 4,198 (18.0%) | 11,631 (49.9%) | 2,147 (9.2%) | 2,012 (8.6%) | |
Demographics | Ā | |||||||
Age in years (SD) | 64.8 (9.4) | 64.8 (9.3) | 64.3 (9.4) | 64.1 (9.5) | 64.4 (9.4) | 65.2 (9.5) | 65.0 (9.4) | 64.8 (9.3) |
Female, % | 55.5 | 57.1 | 53.3 | 58.2 | 58.0 | 56.2 | 48.1 | 51.7* |
Black race, % | 41.0 | 77.8 | 52.8 | 37.5 | 47.5 | 42.3 | 26.7 | 18.3* |
Stroke belt resident, % | 61.8 | 0 | 98.8 | 96.5 | 91.4 | 57.1 | 0 | 72.5* |
Urban/Rural status, % | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā |
Rural | 9.3 | 0.8 | 33.6 | 41.1 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 2.7* |
Micropolitan | 13.4 | 0.9 | 34.1 | 41.8 | 14.2 | 9.5 | 7.4 | 13.2* |
Metropolitan | 77.2 | 98.4 | 32.3 | 17.1 | 78.2 | 85.0 | 84.6 | 84.1* |
Socioeconomic status | Ā | |||||||
Education (%) | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā |
āĀ Less than high school | 12.5 | 18.1 | 18.1 | 18.4 | 16.1 | 11.1 | 8.5 | 8.2* |
āĀ High school graduate | 25.8 | 30.0 | 26.5 | 29.9 | 27.6 | 24.6 | 27.0 | 22.4 |
āĀ Some college | 27.1 | 29.6 | 22.3 | 22.8 | 26.2 | 27.5 | 29.8 | 28.7 |
āĀ College graduate and above | 34.6 | 22.4 | 33.2 | 28.9 | 30.0 | 36.9 | 34.7 | 40.7 |
No health insurance, % | 6.7 | 6.7 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 4.2* |
Annual household income, % | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā |
āĀ <$20,000 | 18.0 | 24.1 | 26.1 | 24.5 | 21.6 | 16.7 | 13.5 | 11.9* |
āĀ $20,000 to <35,000 | 24.1 | 28.2 | 24.4 | 24.8 | 25.2 | 23.5 | 25.2 | 21.7* |
āĀ $35,000 to <75,000 | 29.8 | 24.6 | 24.7 | 26.5 | 28.8 | 30.4 | 32.4 | 33.2* |
āĀ ā„$75,000 | 15.5 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 16.6 | 17.2 | 21.5* |
āĀ Refused to provide income | 12.5 | 13.0 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 11.8 | 11.7* |
Clinical factors | Ā | |||||||
Estimated GFR (CKD-EPI) (SD) | 85.1 (19.9) | 87.1 (22.8) | 87.3 (20.5) | 85.3 (20.2) | 86.5 (20.3) | 84.6 (19.9) | 84.2 (18.7) | 84.7 (18.1)* |
Diabetes mellitus, % | 22.0 | 23.7 | 26.4 | 26.3 | 25.2 | 21.6 | 16.4 | 17.4* |
Hypertension, % | 59.4 | 69.2 | 64.1 | 62.8 | 64.4 | 58.1 | 53.9 | 53.4* |