Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort (n = 3357)
Characteristics | Unremarkable Proteinuria (n = 2011) | Moderate Proteinuria (n = 1058) | Severe Proteinuria (n = 288) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 29.80 ± 5.60 | 28.92 ± 6.13 | 27.89 ± 5.99 | < 0.01 |
Specialty, n (%) | ||||
 Army | 989 [49.2] | 547 [51.7] | 146 [50.7] | 0.03 |
 Navy | 474 [23.6] | 197 [18.6] | 63 [21.9] |  |
 Air force | 548 [27.2] | 314 [29.7] | 79 [27.4] |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.04 ± 3.00 | 24.63 ± 3.19 | 24.80 ± 3.21 | < 0.01 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.83 ± 7.62 | 82.73 ± 8.34 | 83.16 ± 8.40 | < 0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.68 ± 12.84 | 117.64 ± 13.25 | 119.68 ± 12.85 | 0.02 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.80 ± 9.93 | 70.22 ± 10.35 | 70.47 ± 10.45 | 0.31 |
Blood test | ||||
 Blood urea nitrogen, BUN (mg/dL) | 12.66 ± 2.75 | 13.25 ± 2.90 | 13.43 ± 3.17 | < 0.01 |
 Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.96 ± 0.11 | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 0.99 ± 0.12 | < 0.01 |
 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 93.19 ± 12.57 | 93.43 ± 13.51 | 96.37 ± 18.93 | < 0.01 |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
 Former or never alcohol intake | 1151 [57.2] | 567 [53.6] | 164 [59.6] | 0.14 |
 Current alcohol intake | 860 [42.8] | 491 [46.4] | 124 [43.1] |  |
Betel nut chewing, n (%) | ||||
 Former or never chewer | 1761 [89.0] | 912 [87.2] | 250 [88.3] | 0.34 |
 Current chewer | 218 [11.0] | 134 [12.8] | 33 [11.7] |  |
Cigarette smoking, n (%) | ||||
 Former or never smoker | 1285 [64.9] | 613 [58.6] | 165 [58.3] | < 0.01 |
 Current smoker | 694 [35.1] | 433 [41.4] | 118 [41.7] |  |
Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
 Never or occasionally | 404 [20.1] | 235 [22.2] | 66 [22.9] | 0.38 |
 1–2 times/week | 773 [38.4] | 386 [36.5] | 97 [33.7] |  |
  ≥ 3 times/week | 834 [41.5] | 437 [41.3] | 125 [43.4] |  |