| n | Impaired renal function1 n (%) | aOR2 (95% CI3) | p value4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age categories (years) | ||||
  18–30 | 420 | 26 (6.2) | 0 |  |
  31–40 | 621 | 49 (7.9) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 0.32 |
  41–50 | 519 | 32 (6.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.98 |
> 50 | 382 | 28 (7.3) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.44 |
Sex | ||||
  Female | 1156 | 82 (7.1) | 0 |  |
  Male | 786 | 53 (6.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.88 |
HIV status | ||||
  HIV-uninfected | 654 | 37 (5.7) | 0 |  |
  HIV-infected ART-naive | 955 | 77 (8.1) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 0.048 |
  HIV-infected on ART | 333 | 21 (6.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.75 |
Education level | ||||
  No formal education | 317 | 17 (5.4) | 0 |  |
  Primary | 1323 | 96 (7.3) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 0.17 |
  Secondary/Tertiary | 297 | 21 (7.1) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.0) | 0.24 |
SES5tertiles | ||||
  Lower | 644 | 46 (7.1) | 0 |  |
  Middle | 646 | 41 (6.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.62 |
  Upper | 647 | 47 (7.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.95 |
Smoking | ||||
  Never smoked | 1471 | 99 (6.7) | 0 |  |
  Past smoked | 285 | 22 (7.7) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 0.51 |
  Current smoker | 181 | 13 (7.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.5) | 0.51 |
Alcohol use | ||||
  Non drinker | 1342 | 92 (6.9) | 0 |  |
 Current moderate drinker | 40 | 2 (5.0) | 0.7 (0.2, 3.1) | 0.68 |
  Unhealthy drinker6 | 555 | 40 (7.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.61 |
Antiretroviral regimen | ||||
  Tenofovir containing | 174 | 7 (4.0) | 0 |  |
  Other regimen | 158 | 13 (8.2) | 2.1 (0.8, 5.6) | 0.12 |
Physical activity (minutes/week)7 | ||||
  Active (≥ 600) | 1667 | 110 (6.6) | 0 |  |
  Inactive (<  600) | 269 | 24 (8.9) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.20 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
  Underweight (< 18.5) | 423 | 29 (6.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.89 |
  Normal (18.5- < 25) | 1128 | 79 (7.0) | 0 |  |
  Overweight/obesity (≥25) | 390 | 26 (6.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.76 |
Anaemia8 | ||||
  No | 1112 | 60 (5.4) | 0 |  |
  Yes | 826 | 75 (9.1) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | 0.001 |
S. mansoniegg(s) seen | ||||
  No | 1623 | 118 (7.3) | 0 |  |
  Yes | 141 | 8 (5.7) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.60 |
Hypertension9 | ||||
  No | 1590 | 109 (6.9) | 0 |  |
  Yes | 348 | 24 (6.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.95 |
Diabetes Mellitus10 | ||||
  Normal (≤ 7.7) | 965 | 61 (6.3) | 0 |  |
  Prediabetes (7.8–11.0) | 844 | 56 (6.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.72 |
  Diabetes (≥ 11.1) | 128 | 18 (14.1) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.2) | 0.004 |