Table 3 Comparison of demographics, health behaviors, medical history, and occupation by CKD category (no CKD, CKD with traditional risk factors, and suspected CKDu)

Demographics

 Sex

 < 0.001^a *

  Male

513 (39.8%)

48 (48.0%)

37 (67.3%)

  Female

776 (60.2%)

52 (52.0%)

18 (32.7%)

 Age, median (IQR)

33 (23–43)

48 (37–54)

44 (34–55)

 < 0.001^b *

 Socioeconomic level

0.029^a *

  Extremely poor

421 (33.0%)

43 (43.0%)

24 (43.6%)

  Poor

328 (25.7%)

29 (29.0%)

13 (23.6%)

  Not poor

527 (41.3%)

28 (28.0%)

16 (29.1%)

 Illiterate

75 (5.8%)

13 (13.0%)

11 (20.0%)

 < 0.001^a *

 Highest grade level completed, median (IQR)^c

9 (6–12)

6 (3–11)

6 (4–9)

 < 0.001^a *

 Rural Zone

447 (34.7%)

37 (37.0%)

24 (43.6%)

0.352^a

 Well water source^d

242 (18.8%)

29 (29.0%)

21 (38.2%)

 < 0.001^a *

Health behaviors

 Daily water intake (L), median (IQR)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–4)

3 (2–4)

0.003^b *

 Daily soda intake (L), median (IQR)

0.25 (0–0.5)

0 (0 – 0.5)

0 (0–0.5)

0.129^b

 Alcohol consumption in last day

80 (6.2%)

2 (2.0%)

7 (12.7%)

0.078^b

 History of smoking

285 (22.1%)

27 (27.0%)

19 (34.5%)

0.061^a

  Median years smoking

8 (3–19)

22 (13–35)

24 (16–35)

 < 0.001^b *

 History of drug consumption

121 (9.4%)

12 (12.0%)

6 (10.9%)

0.562^a

 Exercise ≥ 2 times weekly

256 (19.9%)

14 (14.0%)

7 (12.7%)

0.192^a

 Eat fruits, vegetables, or salads ≥ 2 times weekly

769 (59.9%)

60 (60.0%)

23 (41.8%)

0.030^a *

Medical history

 NSAID use

346 (26.8%)

37 (37.0%)

16 (29.1%)

0.083^a

 Diuretic use

49 (3.8%)

13 (13.0%)

2 (3.6%)

 < 0.001^a *

 Hypertension

142 (11.0%)

53 (53.0%)

0

 < 0.001^a *

 Diabetes

52 (4.0%)

22 (22.0%)

0

 < 0.001^a *

 Kidney stones

67 (5.2%)

18 (18.0%)

0

 < 0.001^a *

 Arthritis

106 (8.2%)

27 (27.0%)

8 (14.5%)

 < 0.001^a *

 Malaria

128 (9.9%)

15 (15.0%)

7 (12.7%)

0.196^a

 Urinary tract infection

631 (49.0%)

65 (65.0%)

28 (50.1%)

0.008^a *

 Family history of CKD

312 (24.2%)

42 (42.0%)

16 (29.1%)

0.003^a *

Occupation

 Current agricultural occupation^e

86 (6.7%)

11 (11.0%)

16 (29.1%)

 < 0.001^a *

 History of working in agriculture

228 (17.7%)

27 (27.0%)

25 (45.5%)

 < 0.001^a *

  Males

152 (66.7%)

24 (88.9%)

22 (88.0%)

 < 0.001^a *

  Females

76 (33.3%)

3 (11.1%)

3 (12.5%)

0.411^a

  Years worked, median(IQR)

10 (5–20)

13 (9–30)

20 (8–32)

0.042^b *

 History of fainting at work

136 (10.6%)

17 (17.0%)

6 (10.9%)

0.139^a

 History of heat exhaustion

445 (34.5%)

42 (42.0%)

15 (27.2%)

0.163^a