Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included participants

male [n (%)]

16096 (43.61%)

2955 (37.65%)

5474 (38.07%)

3930 (47.19%)

2480 (57.12%)

943 (61.84%)

314 (64.08%)

SBP (mmHg)

116.80 (11.31)

116.03 (11.01)

114.92 (11.00)^*

117.05 (11.25)^*

120.25 (10.88)^*

123.81 (10.79)^*

127.66 (9.47)^*

DBP (mmHg)

71.79 (8.17)

70.78 (7.83)

70.94 (7.98)

72.52 (8.39)^*

74.24 (8.26)^*

74.28 (7.91)

70.97 (7.99)^*

BMI (kg/m²)

22.74 (2.39)

22.08 (2.34)

22.57 (2.38)^*

23.10 (2.32)^*

23.37 (2.27)^*

23.55 (2.33)

23.61 (2.45)

HDL (mmol/L)

1.44 (0.27)

1.44 (0.26)

1.43 (0.26)

1.45 (0.28)^*

1.43 (0.28)

1.43 (0.27)

1.42 (0.28)

LDL (mmol/L)

2.95 (0.53)

2.82 (0.52)

2.91 (0.52)^*

3.03 (0.50)^*

3.12 (0.50)^*

3.07 (0.55)^*

2.89 (0.64)^*

TG (mmol/L)

1.08 (0.41)

0.96 (0.37)

1.04 (0.40)^*

1.13 (0.42)^*

1.20 (0.41)^*

1.26 (0.43)^*

1.20 (0.39)^*

TC (mmol/L)

4.88 (0.69)

4.69 (0.70)

4.82 (0.69)^*

5.00 (0.66)^*

5.11 (0.64)^*

5.07 (0.71)

4.84 (0.83)^*

FBG (mmol/L)

5.07 (0.45)

4.93 (0.40)

5.02 (0.41)^*

5.12 (0.44)^*

5.25 (0.51)^*

5.39 (0.53)^*

5.55 (0.59)^*

ALB (g/L)

45.43 (2.27)

46.39 (2.18)

45.70 (2.14)^*

44.87 (2.21)^*

44.62 (2.10)^*

44.09 (1.99)^*

42.87 (2.26)^*

UA (umol/L)

298.69 (61.96)

300.17 (62.03)

293.96 (62.40)^*

295.71 (62.82)

310.47 (57.76)^*

313.22 (57.77)

314.64 (57.92)

BUN (mmol/L)

4.75 (1.12)

4.53 (1.09)

4.64 (1.07)^*

4.81 (1.11)^*

5.15 (1.13)^*

5.25 (1.14)^*

5.41 (1.30)

SCr (mg/dL)

0.74 (0.15)

0.72 (0.16)

0.72 (0.15)

0.75 (0.15)^*

0.78 (0.15)^*

0.79 (0.15)^*

0.82 (0.16)