Muscle ultrasound to diagnose sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and bayesian bivariate meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

Study	Country	Population	Age* (years)	N (male, %)	Reference standard	Machine model	Probe	Axis	Measured muscle	Index test	Cut-off value	AUC
Chen 2021 [27]	China	Patients who underwent kidney transplantation	17–39	40 (55.0)	skeletal muscle index by CT images	SuperSonic Imagine	Linear, 2-10 MHz	Trans, Long	RF	SWE	10.37 kPa	0.845
Souza 2018 [26]	Brazil	Patients in pre-dialysis CKD stages	73.5 ± 9.22	100 (41.0)	FNIH-defined sarcopenia	Siemens Sonoline G40	Linear, 6–12 MHz	Trans, Long	RF	CSA	M: 13.2 mm, FM:10.9 mm	M: 0.595, FM: 0.619
Wilkinson 2021 [23]	UK	Patients in CKD	62 ± 14.1	113 (47.8)	LMM-defined sarcopenia	Hitachi EUB-6500	Linear, 7.5 MHz	Trans	RF	CSA	M: 8.9cm², FM: 5.7 cm²	M: 0.7, FM: 0.9
Matsuzawa2021 [25]	Japan	Hemodialysis patients	77.5 ± 11.8	58 (62.1)	AWGS 2019-defined sarcopenia	Toshiba Medical Xario 200	Linear, 4–11 MHz	Trans	RF	CSA	NA	NA
Rao 2022 [24]	India	Patients in pre-dialysis CKD stages	51.6 ± 14.6	117 (75.0)	AWGS 2019-defined sarcopenia	Fujifilm Sonosite Sono Site M-TURBO^®	NA	Trans	RF	MT	M: 1.1 cm, FM:1.0 cm	M: 0.749, FM: 0.628

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; Trans, transverse ultrasound scan; RF, rectus femoris; CSA, cross-sectional area; SWE, shear wave elastography; MT, muscle thickness; M, male; FM, female; AWGS, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, by which the diagnosis is based on muscle strength and/or low gait speed, with muscle mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis [29]; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project, by which the diagnosis is based on muscle strength and appendicular lean mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [28]; LMM, low muscle mass, by which the diagnosis is based on the ratio of muscle mass (measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis) to height squared or the ratio of muscle mass to BMI [33]
*Age: mean ± standard deviation

ISSN: 1471-2369