Types | Possible mechanisms | Interpretations | Related pathways or gene expression | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apoptosis | Oxidative stress induced by ROS is a potent inducer of apoptosis. | Ca2+ overload to ROS overproduction | p38 MAPK pathway, endothelin activation | [62] |
 |  | Inhibiting Ca2+ overload | CaMII-mPTP pathway | [63] |
Pyroptosis | Activate a strong inflammatory response. | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. | NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD | [68] |
 |  | ICM promote the release of inflammatory factors. | NLRP3-Caspase-1-GSDMD | [69] |
 |  | Forming pores in cell membrane via GSDMD dissociation. | Caspase-4/5/11 | [71] |
Autophagy | Selective removal of damaged mitochondria, and protect cells from damage induced by excessive ROS. | Reducing mtROS and inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome to repair damaged mitochondria. | Pink1/Parkin pathway | [77] |
 |  | Rapamycin enhancing mitophagy, alleviating mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress caused by ROS overproduction. | Up-regulating Parkin | [78] |
 |  | Melatonin activated autophagy, repressed oxidative stress. | Inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation | [79] |
 |  | 3-MA inhibits autophagy | Enhances the oxidative stress | [80] |
miRNAs | Regulate gene expression in the post-transcriptional level by degrading target mRNAs or inhibiting translation. | Overexpression of miR-188 promotes apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. | SRSF7 | [85] |
 |  | miR-429 up-regulation inhibits the activation of the NF-ĸB pathway. | PDCD4 | [86] |
 |  | Overexpressed miR-30e-5p represses autophagy and promotes apoptosis | Beclin1 | [87] |
 |  | Upregulated miR-30c diminishes pyroptosis can alleviates CI-AKI renal injury. | NLRP3 | [88] |