Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Male sex, n (%)

2365 (47.0%)

1776 (42.1%)

589 (72.4%)

 < 0.001

Age groups, n (%)

 < 0.001

 40s

2580 (58.4%)

2363 (62.5%)

217 (34.2%)

 50s

1434 (32.5%)

1166 (30.8%)

268 (42.2%)

 60s

403 (9.1%)

253 (6.7%)

150 (23.6%)

BMI, kg/m²

24.6 ± 3.0

24.6 ± 3.0

24.7 ± 3.1

0.244

MBP, mmHg

95.9 ± 12.8

95.2 ± 12.9

99.8 ± 11.8

 < 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Never smoker

3165 (62.9%)

2849 (67.5%)

316 (38.8%)

 Ex-smoker

755 (15.0%)

596 (14.1%)

159 (19.5%)

 Intermittent smoker

111 (2.2%)

81 (1.9%)

30 (3.7%)

 Daily smoker

1001 (19.9%)

692 (16.4%)

309 (38.0%)

Current drinker, n (%)

1957 (46.6%)

455 (56.0%)

 < 0.001

Physical activity, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Low

326 (6.7%)

273 (6.7%)

53 (6.8%)

 Moderate

2953 (60.7%)

2572 (63.0%)

381 (48.8%)

 High

1586 (32.6%)

1239 (30.3%)

347 (44.4%)

Total energy intake, kcal/day

1970.3 ± 697.7

1969.4 ± 699.2

1975.2 ± 690.3

0.830

Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73m²

93.7 ± 12.6

94.2 ± 12.6

90.7 ± 12.2

 < 0.001

FPG, mg/dL

86.4 ± 19.1

85.8 ± 18.5

89.9 ± 21.4

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

190.1 ± 34.3

189.4 ± 34.2

193.8 ± 34.5

 < 0.001

CRP, mg/dL

0.14 [0.06;0.23]

0.13 [0.06;0.23]

0.16 [0.08;0.27]

 < 0.001

Baseline ASCVD risk, %

2.3 [0.7;5.5]

1.8 [ 0.5; 4.4]

6.2 [ 3.4;10.7]

 < 0.001

DM, n (%)

542 (10.8%)

402 (9.5%)

140 (17.2%)

 < 0.001

HTN, n (%)

1810 (36.0%)

1432 (33.9%)

378 (46.4%)

 < 0.001